Further, we have also used simulation studies and justified the results using power consumption modeling. Since, Android does not support selective scanning mode, we have implemented modules in Android to enable selective scanning. We have implemented various discovery schemes in Android framework, to evaluate the performance of our proposed scheme against other solutions in the literature. Further, we have also developed an algorithm to accurately estimate the UE's mobility state, using 3GPP network signal strength patterns. User Equipment (UE), in the proposed scheme, uses 3GPP network assistance along with the results of past channel scans, to optimally select the next channels to scan. In this paper, we have proposed an energy efficient WLAN discovery scheme for 3GPP LTE and IEEE 802.11 WLAN inter-working scenario. Although, the inter-working of IEEE 802.11 WLANs with 3GPP LTE has indicated enhanced network performance in the context of capacity and load balancing, the WLAN discovery scheme implemented in most of the commercially available smartphones is very inefficient and results in high battery drainage. Recently, there has been significant interest in the integration and co-existence of Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) with other Radio Access Technologies, like IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). In addition, the use of a D2D serviced in the PCF helps in further reduction in the network load. Results presented that the PCF mechanism outperforms the DCF one in terms of packet loss ratio, throughput and the maximum load of the entire network. The WLAN effectively offloaded nodes at their Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) becomes more than a specific threshold. As well, the effect of adding a D2D technology to the PCF is discussed. A comparison is performed among two WLAN mechanisms Distributed coordination function (DCF) and Point Coordination Function (PCF). In this paper, the offloading of Long Term Evolution (LTE) traffic is presented using a WLAN for voice and video applications. However, the critical offloading potential and its impacts on the whole performance is not totally understood. The use of Device to Device (D2D) communication further enhances the traffic offloading in WLAN systems and helps to obtain better throughput, end-to-end delay and network load. In practice, offloading the cellular data traffic to a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) depending on the signal quality is a broadly deployed method to solve such problem. However, in HetNets, the congestion on the overloaded cellular network can be increased when the traffic of data is pushed from a cellular network to the Wi-Fi. “Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets)” are efficient solution to realize such demands. The continuous growing developments in the traffic of mobile data limits the data throughput and capacity of cellular networks. Results presented that the PCF mechanism outper-forms the DCF one in terms of packet loss ratio, throughput and the maximum load of the entire network. "Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets)" are efficient solution to realize such demands.
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